Sindora glabra Merr.ex de Wit has being increasingly appealed to be utilized for its oil as fuel since 1980,but recommendations on how to start were rare.In this paper, the history of classification and utilization of this plant was described and the existing problems on its utilization as fuel resource were pointed out.The authors concluded that the present available knowledge on S.glabra was not enough for its utilization.Priorities should be put on resource inventory, cultivation, breeding, mechanism of oil producing, harvest technology, combustion property study and construction of information net.

The polymers based on dynamic borate bonds had certain self-healing ability and multiple responses to stimuli, and they could respond to biological signal changes by inducing topological recombination of physical/chemical structures in the materials. A variety of natural/non-natural polymer materials based on three different transesterification mechanisms of borate esters were reviewed in this paper, namely hydrolysis/re-esterification, transesterification between diol and borate and transesterification between borate and borate. It was a strategy to design a more stable tetrahedral borate structure through the synergistic effect of traditional covalent bond and borate dynamic covalent bond to solve the borate ester polymer short plate. Application potential of borate-based polymers in many fields was summarized, such as biomedicine, sensors and recyclable materials. The synergistic of borate ester bond and other dynamic bonds to prepare ideal polymer materials was mainly emphasized, such as hydrogels, organic gels, liquid crystal materials, recyclable nanomaterials, etc.

Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable biomass resource on the earth and cellulose is one of the three components of lignocellulose and is important raw material for the production of bio-based materials, fuels and chemicals. However, the complex chemical structure of lignin limits the application of lignocellulose. Conventional physical, chemical and physical-chemical lignin degradation methods often require high temperature and high pressure conditions, resulting in high energy consumption, inhibitors and environmental pollution. The biocatalysis process mediated by microorganisms is usually carried out under mild conditions, which can reduce energy input and provide a more specific and effective choice for the utilization of lignin. The degradation of lignin by fungi, represented by white-rot fungi, presents the problems of long pretreatment cycle and poor adaptability to the environment. Bacterium becomes the future potential of lignin degradation, owing to its rapid proliferation, profound environmental adaptability and easy genetic manipulation. This review introduced the progress of microbial degradation of lignin on the base of chemical structure, and mainly analyzed the microorganisms (fungi and bacteria), degrading enzymes (peroxidase and laccase) as well as the degradation mechanism. Besides, the applications of microbial degraded lignin in lipids, bioplastics, vanillin and wastewater treatment were summarized and the future development was suggested.

The preparation and production technology of biodiesel was described in this paper. The synthetic effects such as water and free fatty acids in the raw material oil, temperature, pressure, catalyst, reaction time, alcohol-oil ratios, the mixing degree of raw materials and other aspects on the reaction were investigated. The transesterification mechanisms were discussed. The best synthetic technology conditions for synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification were obtained.

As a kind of polymer material with versatile product forms, polyurethane is widely used in many applications. Developing technologies that can use green and renewable raw materials as feedstock has become a research hotspot, as well as great significance to the polyurethane research in the future. Based on the relevant literatures of the last decade, this paper focuses on the basic methods and research progress for the synthesis of bio-based polyols and isocyanates from common renewable alternatives, such as vegetable oil(castor oil, soybean oil, tung oil, palm oil, etc.), lignocellulose, rosin, natural phenols(cardanol and tannin), sugars and other biomass resources. In addition, the research status of non-isocyanates was mentioned, and the unique advantages of these materials for the preparation of bio-polyurethane were listed. This article also comprehensively examines the future hurdles that hinder the utilization of these materials, and then the development prospects of bio-based polyurethane materials in different fields are outlooked.

As a renewable nanomaterial, nanocellulose displays excellent performances and exhibits wide application potentials. However, nanocellulose has extremely strong hydrophilicity due to its abundant hydroxyl groups. Thus, the above characteristics not only seriously affect the performance of nanocellulose in terms of hydrophobicity, but also limit its applications in the field of composite materials to a certain extent. This article summarized the research advances of hydrophobic modification of nanocellulose in three aspects:physical adsorption, surface chemical modification(silylation, alkanoylation, esterification, etc.), and polymer graft copolymerization. Current wide applications of hydrophobic nanocellulose were also summarized in fields of packaging materials, papermaking, and water purification. At the end of this paper, the future development of hydrophobically modified nanocellulose was prospected, aiming to provide reference for the research and wide application of hydrophobic nanocellulose.

The biochars I, R, S and M were prepared at 300, 500 and 700℃ with the grasses of king grass, rice straw, bagasse and corn straw as raw materials, respectively. The effects of different pyrolysis temperatures on the structure and composition of biochar were studied. Results showed that with pyrolysis temperature increasing, the yield of the four kinds of biochars decreased, carbon content and ash content increased. The yields of I, R, S and M at 300℃ were 45.81%, 48.67%, 46.81% and 46.00%, and the yields at 700℃ were 33.95%, 35.47%, 25.42% and 31.23%. The ash contents and I, R, S and M at 700℃ increased by 54.39%, 65.44%, 95.54% and 71.85% compared those at 300℃. The C/N ratio of R, S, and M were increased with pyrolysis temperature increasing, but that of R was opposite. The pH values of the four biochars increased with pyrolysis temperature increasing. The pH values of I, R, S and M at 700℃ were 7.68, 9.87, 7.59 and 9.33. I and S was porosity and the number of pore increased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. Both R and M formed a certain amount of flocs at 700℃. EDX analysis revealed that the elemental composition of Si was contained higher in R. Infrared spectroscopy showed that with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the alkane groups, methyl groups (—CH₃) and methylene groups (—CH₃) of the four kinds of biochars gradually disappear. The biochar structure was dominated by aromatic compounds and oxygen functional groups, and the structure was more stable.

In this paper, the research and application of lignin in epoxy resin, adsorbent, film and agricultural fertilizer are presented. According to its structure and properties, modified lignin will become the significant research and development point of lignin-based material.

This work focused with the assistance of the mechanism of pyrolysis carbonization of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose were analysed by TG, TEM, Raman, XRD, and FT-IR based on the molecular restructuring behavior of three major components of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose during pyrolysis. The results showed that hemicellulose was completely decomposed during pyrolysis; molecular rearrangement occurred during the pyrolysis of cellulose, forming crystallized areas in biomass char; lignin had a very complex cross-linked structure, melted during pyrolysis, forming amorphous carbon areas in biomass char. During the charring process, cellulose undergone mainly dehydration reactions when the temperature was lower than 200 ℃, and the temperature range of 200 to 400 ℃ was the main stage of pyrolysis; lignin was relatively structurally stable in the studied temperature range(200-500 ℃), with only partial structural transformation occurring while softening and melting.

Lignin is a kind of abundant, cheap and sustainable natural biomass resource. Recently, converting lignin to functional nanomaterials has greatly broadened its application. Meanwhile, this conversion greatly solved the typical problems for traditional materials. Here, in this paper, several preparation methods including preparation of lignin functional nanoparticles such as self-assembly, mechanical method, polymerization assembly, freeze-drying carbonization, etc were introduced. And then their different applications in catalysts, additives, adsorbents, UV protection and anti-oxidation, sterilization, carrier materials, aggregation-inducing emmision materials, etc were described. Also, an outlook about the prospect of its application was presented. Developing controllable preparation and functional modification will facilitate the further application of lignin-based nanoparticles in the fields of environmental protection, energy, catalysis and biomedicine.

Biomass-based carbon materials had the advantages of low cost, wide source, good electrical conductivity, and good electrochemical stability. Through heteroatom doping, the performance of biomass-based carbon materials was further improved. This paper summarized the methods of introducing heteroatoms into biomass-based carbon materials(in-situ doping and diffusion doping) and their respective advantages and disadvantages. The types of heteroatom doping(nitrogen doping, oxygen doping, phosphorus doping, sulfur doping, halogen doping, and multi-element co-doping) and the effects of heteroatom doping on the structure and properties of biomass-based carbon materials were briefly described. The applications of heteroatom doped carbon materials in energy storage, adsorption separation, and catalytic oxidation were reviewed, and the development direction of heteroatom-doped biomass-based carbon materials was also prospected.

As a new type of nano-porous carbon-based materials, carbon aerogel has many unique characteristics such as high porosity, large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, and high thermal stability, etc., which is widely used in the fields of catalyst, capacitors and adsorption materials.Compared with traditional carbon aerogels, biomass-based carbon aerogels have the advantage in abundant and renewable precursors, which opens an opportunity for the high-value and functionalized utilization of biomass. Based on a brief introduction of the preparation process of biomass-based carbon aerogels (including sol gelation, drying and carbonization), this review paper mainly introduced the preparation methods of three types of carbon aerogels from different biomass precursors (plant cellulose, bacterial cellulose and plants with three-dimensional porous structure), and the applications of carbon aerogels in catalyst, adsorption materials, ultracapacitors and lithium-ion batteries were elaborated as well. Finally, the research direction and development prospective of biomass derived carbon aerogels were discussed.

Mixture of phenolic compounds are major composition of liquid products from liquidification of cashew nut shell. Phenol formaldehyde resin friction materials were prepared from this type of liquid. The advantages for this process include the improved mechanical property of the materials and the reduced cost of the materials. The components and properties of cashew nut shell liquid were introduced. The preparation methods of cashew nut shell liquid phenol formaldehyde resin were described, as well. The development of the resin's modification methods and the research progress of the modified resin friction materials were summarized. Finally, the development tendancies of this resin are prospected.

The conventional natural encapsulating materials and preparation methods for microcapsules were introduced. The natural shell materials include three typical series, i.e., carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. The traditional natural shell materials include sodium alginate, chitosan, glutin, etc., but the noval materials consist of liposome, microbial cell wall (yeast cell wall), porous starch, etc.. The common preparation methods for microcapsules include complex coacervation, simple coacervation, interfacial polymerization, in-situ polymerization, piercing-solidifying, spray drying, etc.. The advanced preparation methods for microcapsules include molecular inclusion, microchannel emulsification, rapid expansion of supercritical solution, yeast microencapsulation, layer-by-layer self-assembly, vesicle templating, etc..

Biomass had negative carbon properties and met the requirements of green development as a typical renewable energy. Under relatively mild conditions, hydrothermal carbonization was the process of converting biomass into various functional carbon materials. This paper discussed recent advances of biomass-based porous carbon materials by the hydrothermal transformation from biomass, such as monosaccharides(glucose, fructose, and xylose), lignocellulosic fibers(cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and chitosan. The effects of temperature, reaction time and raw material concentration on its structure and properties were mainly discussed, as well as its applications in gas adsorption, dye adsorption and heavy metal ion adsorption. The authors proposed future research directions for the hydrothermal synthesis of high performance and environmentally friendly porous carbon materials from biomass.

New advances of polyaspartic acid in synthesis method,biodegradation,and the applications to water treatment,metal corrosion inhibitors, pesticides,fertilizers,daily chemicals,medical, and other fields were reviewed.The developing direction of polyaspartic acid in the future was prospected.

Biomass pyrolysis is an important way to realize the energy utilization of biomass, and it is of great significance to solve the increasingly serious energy problems. This paper focused on the research status of several typical biomass pyrolysis reactors, and listed several new pyrolysis reactors which were recently developed, and the working principle, advantages and disadvantages of different types of pyrolysis reactors were summarized. The catalytic pyrolysis technology and biomass raw material pretreatment technology were reviewed. It was concluded that the research on the development of new high-efficiency, high-activity pyrolysis catalysts and the basic theory of raw material pretreatment technology were the future research directions of bio-pyrolysis.

Microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) was extracted from pineapple leaf fibrous by means of pre-acid immersion, alkaline extraction and acid hydrolysis and the influences of mass fraction of sulfuric acid solution, temperature and reaction time on the reaction were discussed. The results showed that the optimum preparation conditions of MCC were mass fraction of sulfuric acid 64%, reaction temperature 45 ℃ and reaction time 90 min. Hexagonal boron nitride(h-BN) was used to modified MCC in order to gain h-BN-MCC composite powder. The products were mainly characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and thermogravimetic analysis(TG). The results showed that the infrared spectrogram characteristic peaks were consistent with the reference and the mass loss of cellulose microcrystalline was 97% when the temperature raised to 700 ℃. The whisker lengths were about several to twenty microns and the diameters were 2-3 μm.Then the composite powder was dispersed in polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) to prepare h-BN-MCC-PVA composite membrane. Tensile strength and contact angle test were used to characterize the membrane. MCC could assist h-BN to compound with PVA well and tensile strength and elongation at break of h-BN-MCC-PVA composite membrane could be increased by 15.1% and 122.0% respectively. And the composite powder could enhance the hydrophobicity of the film and the contact angle could increase from 34.91° to 52.28°.

It received increasing attentions to adopt the pyrolysis of biomass to produce liquid fuels and value-added chemicals. Study of the pyrolysis mechanism of biomass individual components could provide a better understanding of the biomass pyrolysis and was helpful for the regulation of the pyrolysis process. In this paper, the mechanisms of the cellulose pyrolysis and some typical products formation pathway were reviewed. And that further research should choose the representative model compounds was pointed out and the cellulose pyrolysis mechanism under different kinds of catalysts should be investigated.

Hydrogen-rich syngas production from biomass gasification is considered as one of the most promising hydrogen production methods because of its clean and renewable raw materials and the diversity of product application. Catalysts play an important role in controlling the composition of biomass gasification products and the pyrolysis of tar. In this paper, the methods of hydrogen production from fossil energy, water decomposition, and biomass were reviewed, and the advantages, limitations, and existing problems of hydrogen production from biomass gasification were also analyzed. And, the influence factors of biomass gasification(gasification agent, reaction temperature, and catalyst) and the kinds of catalyst and its characteristics which used for biomass gasification(nickel-based, dolomite and alkali, and alkaline earth metal catalysts) were emphatically introduced. The research status of biomass gasification for making hydrogen rich syngas and catalysts in China and abroad were analyzed, and the prospects of the development of catalytic gasification for making hydrogen-rich syngas were discussed. The problems to be solved and the research direction were proposed.

Biomass is a new and renewable energy. Bio-oil from pyrolysis of biomass can be readily stored and transported. Bio-oil can also be used for production of chemicals. The physicochemical properties and composition of the bio-oil were discussed in this paper. Recent researches on utilization and modification technology for bio-oil were summarized. The main problems on research of bio-oil and future development direction have been introduced. It is proposed that research on reaction mechanism, catalyst development and combination of energy utilization and chemical production are the main directions in the research field of bio-oil modification technology.

Alkali lignin(AL) was separated and purified from papermaking black liquor by acidic precipitation. Then, quaternary ammonium lignin(QAL) was obtained by modifying AL with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Using cellulose hydrogel(CEH) as matrix, antibacterial silver nanoparticles-quaternary ammonium lignin-cellulose hydrogel(Ag NPs-QAL-CEH) was prepared by impregnating with QAL and silver nitrate solutions. The structures of AL and QAL were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the results showed that QAL was successfully prepared. The results of elemental analysis showed that the content of nitrogen increased from 0.6% to 5.9%. Ag NPs-QAL-CEH was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that Ag NPs were obtained by reducing Ag⁺ with QAL, and Ag NPs-QAL was uniformly dispersed in the three-dimensional network structure of CEH. The antibacterial performance of the hydrogel showed that Ag NPs-QAL-CEH formed obvious inhibition zone against S. aureus and E. coli. Furthermore, with the increase of AgNO₃ dosage, the diameters of antibacterial circle increased from 14.2 mm to 20.1 mm and 16.1 mm to 18.1 mm, respectively. When the mass concentration of AgNO₃ was 7.87 g/L in 50 mL QAL solution(including 2.5 g QAL), the obtained Ag NPS-6-QAL-CEH had the best bacteriostatic effect, and the inhibitory rates against S. aureus and E. coli could reach more than 99.5%.

Based on the cryogenic nitrogen gas adsorption method, the pore characteristics of biochars made from farmland waste including rice straw, corn stalk and wheat straw were studied. The BET equation, BJH equation and t-plot method were used to caculate the specific surface area, pore size distribution and microporous parameters, and FHH model was used to obtain the fractal dimension(D) of pore. Results showed that different temperature and different materials all had larger effects on the pore characteristics of biochar. With the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the BET specific surface area and pore volume of rice-straw-biochar and wheat-straw-biochar increased firstly and then decreased, whereas, the porosity of corn-stalk-biochar always increased. It was concluded that the mesopores were the main type of pores in three kinds of biochars and the pores mainly consisted of the second pores. It was found that rice-straw-biochar, corn-stalk-biochar and wheat-straw-biochar all had good fractal characteristics, and the pore fractal dimensions were 2.545 4-2.669 3, 2.629 7-2.689 5 and 2.577 3-2.597 2, respectively, which reflected the complexity and heterogeneity of the biochar porosity. Both rice-straw-biochar and wheat-straw-biochar had higher fractal dimension at 500 ℃(2.669 3 and 2.597 2), but corn-stalk-biochar had higher fractal dimension at 700 ℃(2.689 5).

Enzyme-assisted extraction is a popular method due to highly efficiency,specification,simple process and mild conditions.A brief review about the types and characteristics of enzyme,the mechanism of enzyme,and influential factor on enzyme-assisted extraction was presented.In order to provide guidence for industrial developmet,the applications of this method on natural products were summarized.

Biorefinery is an excellent strategy to deal with the energy crisis and environmental pollution in the new age. Based on biorefinery, low-value biomass resources can be converted into various value-added products. Furfural is one value-added platform chemical from biomass resources, which has important applications in energy, medicine, chemical, and other fields. The industrial production of furfural has come out for nearly one century and is relatively mature nowadays. However, there are still some issues remain to be solved in the industrial production. In order to solve these problems, efforts have been paid on exploring new technologies and progresses. In this paper, the characteristics of furfural were introduced firstly, and the present situation and problems of furfural industrial production technology are summarized, including corrosion of equipment caused by acid catalysts, difficulty in catalyst recycling, water pollution and so on. Then, the research status and problems of furfural preparation by hydrolysis and pyrolysis and the characteristic of the microwave-assisted technology were carefully reviewed. Finally, the future development direction of furfural preparation technology was prospected.

Before determining the specific surface area and pore volume of woody activated carbon, the activated carbon was pre-treated with degassing, and the effect of pre-treatment conditions(desorption temperature and desorption time) on the specific surface area and pore volume of activated carbon was investigated. The obtained results were compared with those measured under the recommended conditions of the instrument. The results showed that the desorption temperature and time had little influence on the specific surface area and pore volume of physical activated carbon. It was owing to the preparation temperature of physical activated carbon was high few functional groups, the structure was mainly microporous, the adsorption type was mainly physical adsorption, and the adsorption and desorption speeds were fast. The optimum pretreatment condition of physical activated carbon was desorbed at a temperature of 150 ℃ for 3 hours. Compared with the pretreatment conditions of 350 ℃ and 24 hours recommended in the instruction manual of ASAP 2460, pretreatment time was significantly shortened, the power consumption was reduced, and the detection efficiency was improved. The degassing temperature and time had a great influence on the specific surface area and micro-pore of chemical wood activated carbon, and the suitable pretreatment condition was 300 ℃ for 12 h. The main reason was that the preparation temperature of activated carbon by phosphoric acid method was relatively low, and there were many heteroatoms and the surface chemical groups. Physical and chemical adsorption were easy to occur simultaneously, which required higher temperature and longer time for degassing. When the degassing temperature was too high, the adsorbate in the pores would be carbonized to form carbonaceous particles that blocked the pores. At the same time, part of the physical adsorption would be converted into chemical adsorption at a higher activation energy, which would reduce the analysis results.