Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable biomass resource on the earth and cellulose is one of the three components of lignocellulose and is important raw material for the production of bio-based materials, fuels and chemicals. However, the complex chemical structure of lignin limits the application of lignocellulose. Conventional physical, chemical and physical-chemical lignin degradation methods often require high temperature and high pressure conditions, resulting in high energy consumption, inhibitors and environmental pollution. The biocatalysis process mediated by microorganisms is usually carried out under mild conditions, which can reduce energy input and provide a more specific and effective choice for the utilization of lignin. The degradation of lignin by fungi, represented by white-rot fungi, presents the problems of long pretreatment cycle and poor adaptability to the environment. Bacterium becomes the future potential of lignin degradation, owing to its rapid proliferation, profound environmental adaptability and easy genetic manipulation. This review introduced the progress of microbial degradation of lignin on the base of chemical structure, and mainly analyzed the microorganisms (fungi and bacteria), degrading enzymes (peroxidase and laccase) as well as the degradation mechanism. Besides, the applications of microbial degraded lignin in lipids, bioplastics, vanillin and wastewater treatment were summarized and the future development was suggested.

This work focused with the assistance of the mechanism of pyrolysis carbonization of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose were analysed by TG, TEM, Raman, XRD, and FT-IR based on the molecular restructuring behavior of three major components of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose during pyrolysis. The results showed that hemicellulose was completely decomposed during pyrolysis; molecular rearrangement occurred during the pyrolysis of cellulose, forming crystallized areas in biomass char; lignin had a very complex cross-linked structure, melted during pyrolysis, forming amorphous carbon areas in biomass char. During the charring process, cellulose undergone mainly dehydration reactions when the temperature was lower than 200 ℃, and the temperature range of 200 to 400 ℃ was the main stage of pyrolysis; lignin was relatively structurally stable in the studied temperature range(200-500 ℃), with only partial structural transformation occurring while softening and melting.

As a kind of polymer material with versatile product forms, polyurethane is widely used in many applications. Developing technologies that can use green and renewable raw materials as feedstock has become a research hotspot, as well as great significance to the polyurethane research in the future. Based on the relevant literatures of the last decade, this paper focuses on the basic methods and research progress for the synthesis of bio-based polyols and isocyanates from common renewable alternatives, such as vegetable oil(castor oil, soybean oil, tung oil, palm oil, etc.), lignocellulose, rosin, natural phenols(cardanol and tannin), sugars and other biomass resources. In addition, the research status of non-isocyanates was mentioned, and the unique advantages of these materials for the preparation of bio-polyurethane were listed. This article also comprehensively examines the future hurdles that hinder the utilization of these materials, and then the development prospects of bio-based polyurethane materials in different fields are outlooked.

Camellia oleifera Abel shell, as a by-product produced during the processing of Camellia oleifera Abel, was usually discarded or burned. The resource utilization of C. oleifera shell can not only improve its own added value, but also solve the environmental pollution problems caused by it. Based on the existing research, this paper introduced the main functional components of C. oleifera shell and the utilization of C. oleifera shell in material, fertilizer and energy. C. oleifera shell contained tannins, tea saponins, flavones and polysaccharides and other substances, which made C. oleifera shell an ideal raw material for antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral and other applications. In terms of materialization, the activated carbon adsorbent of C. oleifera shell showed good adsorption effect, but the capacitance material prepared from C. oleifera shell was low in conductivity, and the mechanical properties of wood-based composites were poor. In the aspect of fertilizer, the organic fertilizer and culture medium prepared from C. oleifera shell could obviously improve the soil, improve the quality of fertilizer and promote the growth of seedlings. In terms of energy utilization, the high lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose content made C. oleifera shell have certain advantages in direct combustion power generation, marsh gas production by anaerobic fermentation, bioethanol and bio-oil preparation, but there are some problems such as chloride corrode boiler, lignin is difficult to degrade, low bioethanol yield, low bio-oil yield and so on. In addition, the future utilization direction of C. oleifera shell was prospected. In the aspect of preparing carbon material, the C. oleifera shell need targeted carbonization for capacitor material. In the aspect of wood-based composites, it need to improve the structure and mechanical property. In the aspect functional components utilization, it need to develop high value-added deep processing products and expand production scale. In the aspect of energy, it need to solve the integration problem of biomass conversion process.

Biomass-based carbon materials had the advantages of low cost, wide source, good electrical conductivity, and good electrochemical stability. Through heteroatom doping, the performance of biomass-based carbon materials was further improved. This paper summarized the methods of introducing heteroatoms into biomass-based carbon materials(in-situ doping and diffusion doping) and their respective advantages and disadvantages. The types of heteroatom doping(nitrogen doping, oxygen doping, phosphorus doping, sulfur doping, halogen doping, and multi-element co-doping) and the effects of heteroatom doping on the structure and properties of biomass-based carbon materials were briefly described. The applications of heteroatom doped carbon materials in energy storage, adsorption separation, and catalytic oxidation were reviewed, and the development direction of heteroatom-doped biomass-based carbon materials was also prospected.

Conversion of biomass into high value-added chemicals was an effective way to solve the current problems of fossil energy depletion and global warming. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) was considered as one of the most important platform compounds, which could be used to prepare many high value organic compounds through oxidation, hydrogenation, and ring-opening reactions. Among its derivatives, 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid(FDCA) could be regarded as the most promising chemical, which could replace the widely used petroleum-based polyester terephthalic acid(PTA) to synthesize biodegradable polyester polyethylene furanoate(PEF). This article systematically reviewed the new processes for preparing FDCA from HMF through electrocatalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, and biocatalysis. These catalytic methods were different from traditional pyrolysis catalytic methods, which did not requiring high temperature and pressure as well as harmful solvents and expensive catalysts, and had the characteristics of high efficiency, greenness, and sustainability. However, there were still some problems, such as electrocatalysis needed special and stable electrolytes and high requirements for instruments and equipment; photocatalysis had the problems of high cost and low energy conversion rate; biocatalysis had long preparation cycles and the inhibited intermediates. By analyzing the results obtained by these methods and the existing problems, it provided feasible ideas for the efficient catalytic conversion of FDCA in the future.

Biorefinery is an excellent strategy to deal with the energy crisis and environmental pollution in the new age. Based on biorefinery, low-value biomass resources can be converted into various value-added products. Furfural is one value-added platform chemical from biomass resources, which has important applications in energy, medicine, chemical, and other fields. The industrial production of furfural has come out for nearly one century and is relatively mature nowadays. However, there are still some issues remain to be solved in the industrial production. In order to solve these problems, efforts have been paid on exploring new technologies and progresses. In this paper, the characteristics of furfural were introduced firstly, and the present situation and problems of furfural industrial production technology are summarized, including corrosion of equipment caused by acid catalysts, difficulty in catalyst recycling, water pollution and so on. Then, the research status and problems of furfural preparation by hydrolysis and pyrolysis and the characteristic of the microwave-assisted technology were carefully reviewed. Finally, the future development direction of furfural preparation technology was prospected.

The bleached eucalyptus pulp and waste newspapers were used as raw materials to prepare oxidized nanocellulose by 2, 2, 6, 6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)/NaBr/NaClO oxidation system, and the effects of the addition amounts of two oxidized nanocellulose on paper properties were investigated in this study. The results showed that the average fiber length and aspect ratio of eucalyptus oxidized nanocellulose(75-95 nm, 6.5-8.5) were both higher than that of waste newspaper oxidized nanocellulose(45-75 nm, 4-6). The tensile index of the eucalyptus and waste newspaper oxidized nanocellulose paper increased from 21.16 (N·m)/g to 31.37 and 27.22 (N·m)/g, the burst index increased from 1.32 (kPa·m²)/g to 1.84 and 1.79 (kPa·m²)/g, and the tear index increased from 6.61 (mN·m²)/g to 8.03 and 8.12 (mN·m²)/g. It was more helpful to improve the paper strength by the two kinds of oxidized nanocellulose by the addition of cationic starch. The tensile index of paper was increased by 51.09%, the burst index 50.00%, and the tear index 27.62%.

Eucommia ulmoides gum(EUG) is a kind of natural polymer material with good biocompatibility, excellent rubber-plastic duality, and good mechanical properties, which has attracted much attention in the field of novel biomaterials in recent years. However, the poor elasticity and miscibility at room temperature have greatly limited its application in the field of functional materials. Therefore, the physical or chemical modification of EUG for broadening its range of applications has become the research hotspot. Combining with the structural characteristics of EUG, the common modification methods, formation mechanism and material properties of EUG by physical and chemical modification were firstly summarized, such as changing the hardness and elasticity of EUG by blending with other materials or epoxidation modification, vulcanization modification, etc. Then, the latest applications of EUG in green tire and road construction, shape memory and self-healing materials, anti-vibration and sound absorption, medical materials, and biodegradable composite are introduced, respectively. Finally, we envision that the EUG will play an increasingly important role in polymer science in future.

Hydrogen-rich syngas production from biomass gasification is considered as one of the most promising hydrogen production methods because of its clean and renewable raw materials and the diversity of product application. Catalysts play an important role in controlling the composition of biomass gasification products and the pyrolysis of tar. In this paper, the methods of hydrogen production from fossil energy, water decomposition, and biomass were reviewed, and the advantages, limitations, and existing problems of hydrogen production from biomass gasification were also analyzed. And, the influence factors of biomass gasification(gasification agent, reaction temperature, and catalyst) and the kinds of catalyst and its characteristics which used for biomass gasification(nickel-based, dolomite and alkali, and alkaline earth metal catalysts) were emphatically introduced. The research status of biomass gasification for making hydrogen rich syngas and catalysts in China and abroad were analyzed, and the prospects of the development of catalytic gasification for making hydrogen-rich syngas were discussed. The problems to be solved and the research direction were proposed.

The biochars I, R, S and M were prepared at 300, 500 and 700℃ with the grasses of king grass, rice straw, bagasse and corn straw as raw materials, respectively. The effects of different pyrolysis temperatures on the structure and composition of biochar were studied. Results showed that with pyrolysis temperature increasing, the yield of the four kinds of biochars decreased, carbon content and ash content increased. The yields of I, R, S and M at 300℃ were 45.81%, 48.67%, 46.81% and 46.00%, and the yields at 700℃ were 33.95%, 35.47%, 25.42% and 31.23%. The ash contents and I, R, S and M at 700℃ increased by 54.39%, 65.44%, 95.54% and 71.85% compared those at 300℃. The C/N ratio of R, S, and M were increased with pyrolysis temperature increasing, but that of R was opposite. The pH values of the four biochars increased with pyrolysis temperature increasing. The pH values of I, R, S and M at 700℃ were 7.68, 9.87, 7.59 and 9.33. I and S was porosity and the number of pore increased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. Both R and M formed a certain amount of flocs at 700℃. EDX analysis revealed that the elemental composition of Si was contained higher in R. Infrared spectroscopy showed that with the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the alkane groups, methyl groups (—CH₃) and methylene groups (—CH₃) of the four kinds of biochars gradually disappear. The biochar structure was dominated by aromatic compounds and oxygen functional groups, and the structure was more stable.

With the continuous improvement of the concept of green synthesis, transition metal catalysts with high catalytic activity, stability and low price replacing strong oxidizers and precious metal catalysts to catalyze the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural(HMF) to prepare fine chemicals gradually become the focus of the researchers. This article reviewed recent researches on the use of cheap transition metal-based catalysts to catalyze the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) to 2, 5-furandicarbaldehyde(FDCA). The latest research in this field was described, with emphasis on introducing. The application of manganese-based, copper-based, iron/cobalt-based, nickel-based and other catalytic systems, such as manganese-based metal oxide, CuCl₂ catalytic system, Fe₃O₄-CoO_x magnetic catalyst, etc, in the HMF oxidation reaction were discussed. In addition, on the basis of the introduction of the above-mentioned catalysts, the development prospects of cheap transition metal-based catalysts catalyzed by HMF oxidation to prepare FDCA were also prospected.

In recent years, the application field of superhydrophobic materials has become more and more extensive, and the requirements on mechanical strength, wear resistance, light transmissibility, reuse and other properties of super hydrophobic materials have become higher and higher, and the requirements on green environmental protection of raw materials have been increasing day by day. Biomass materials have many kinds and large volume, which occupy the do minant position of renewable resources. Cellulose, as the downstream fine products of biomass materials, has entered the field of vision of researchers with its advantages of green environmental protection, large reserves and flexible application. This paper briefly indicates the development history, characteristic, and application of superhydrophobic materials and cellulose, the application of superhydrophobic modification methods such as hydrothermal method, chemical deposition method, atom transfer radical polymerization and sol-gel method (cellulose/SiO₂ super-hydrophobic materials and cellulose aerogel) in the preparation of cellulose based superhydrophobic materials was emphatically analyzed. Finally, the future development of cellulosic superhydrophobic materials was prospected.

The polymers based on dynamic borate bonds had certain self-healing ability and multiple responses to stimuli, and they could respond to biological signal changes by inducing topological recombination of physical/chemical structures in the materials. A variety of natural/non-natural polymer materials based on three different transesterification mechanisms of borate esters were reviewed in this paper, namely hydrolysis/re-esterification, transesterification between diol and borate and transesterification between borate and borate. It was a strategy to design a more stable tetrahedral borate structure through the synergistic effect of traditional covalent bond and borate dynamic covalent bond to solve the borate ester polymer short plate. Application potential of borate-based polymers in many fields was summarized, such as biomedicine, sensors and recyclable materials. The synergistic of borate ester bond and other dynamic bonds to prepare ideal polymer materials was mainly emphasized, such as hydrogels, organic gels, liquid crystal materials, recyclable nanomaterials, etc.

Corn straw based activated carbon was prepared from corn straw after formed and torrefied by H₃PO₄ activation and characterized by N₂ adsorption, elemental analysis and FT-IR. The results showed that the optimal conditions were the impregnated ratio of 4∶1, the activation temperature of 400 ℃ and the activation time of 100 min. Under these conditions, the yield of activated carbon was 47.78% and the activated carbon showed excellent adsorption capacity with the iodine adsorption value of 864 mg/g, the methylene blue adsorption of 210 mg/g and the caramel decolorization of 100%. The specific surface area and the total volume of activated carbon reached 1 105 m²/g and 0.745 cm³/g, the micropore volume was 0.287 cm³/g, the mesopore volume was 0.354 cm³/g. Meanwhile, the distribution of pore was concentrated within 5 nm, accounting for 73.56%, and the average pore diameter is 2.697 nm. The FT-IR results showed that the crosslinking reaction was occured between H₃PO₄ and corn straw during octivation and the activated carbon lost some functional groups of corn straw.

Using corn straw as raw material, the characteristics and kinetics of its pyrolysis were studied by TG. The physicochemical properties of corn straw before and after pyrolysis were analzed according to the TG and DTG curves. Activation energy of corn straw pyrolysis were calculated using the isoconversional models of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose(KAS), and the thermal degradation mechanism was investigated by the master-plot and Coats-Redfern(C-R) methods. The results showed that the pyrolysis process of corn straw could be divided into 4 stages: drying dehydration stage, transition stage, main pyrolysis stage, and carbonization stage. The pyrolysis curve shifted to the high temperature side with the increasing heating rate. The apparent activation energies calculated by FWO and KAS were 181.7 and 181.5 kJ/mol, respectively. The pyrolysis mechanism equation of corn straw was calculated using the master-plot method and C-R method, which follows Avrami-Erofeev equation. When α=0.1-0.5, n=3, f(α)=1/3(1-α)[-ln(1-α)]^-2, and when α=0.5-0.7, n=2, f(α)=1/2(1-α)[-ln(1-α)]^-1.

Eucommia ulmoides gum is a valuable strategic resource in China, and it is the core driving force for the development of E. ulmoides. The development of E. ulmoides gum industry can not only improve the status quo of insufficient natural rubber in China, but also provide China with new sources of sufficient reserve rubber, to form a new international natural rubber market pattern with China's E. ulmoides gum emerging industry as the leader. In recent years, although remarkable progress has been made in the industrialization and application development of E. ulmoides gum, it is still far from meeting the needs of the development of the situation. The reason is that the development of the industrial chain of E. ulmoides has some outstanding problems, such as imperfect technology and insufficient funds. In this article, the changes of gum content in leaves, bark and fruit of E. ulmoides during the growth period were described, its extraction technology(alkaline cooking, solvent extraction, microbial fermentation, bioenzymolysis and comprehensive method) and large-scale production status were mainly summarized. At the same time, many problems in the development of the industry such as lack of research fund and team, disconnect between basic research and engineering applications of gum, lack of product standards, and so on, were deeply analyzed and discussed, and advanced suggestions and measures to solve these key problems in the development. In order to help the development and utilization of E. ulmoides gum in system material engineering, and provide reference for the sustainable development of E. ulmoides rubber industry.

The new low-energy consumption process of corn fuel ethanol developed by our team adopted low temperature liquefaction, synchronous saccharification and batch fermentation of concentrated mash, three-tower differential pressure distillation and molecular sieve dehydration process and waste heat recovery technology from various sections of the plant. At present, it has successfully applied to a number of fuel ethanol distillery. Taking the Heilongjiang Hongzhan Science and Technology Co., Ltd. 300 000-ton fuel ethanol project as an example, the technical characteristics, energy consumption and product quality were compared and analyzed between the new and the traditional process. The results showed that the steam consumption, process water and amount of circulating water of the new process were reduced by 10.26%, 28.09% and 11.11% compared with those of traditional process, respectively. The production of 1 ton fuel ethanol could save 49 kg standard coal; thus 14 700 tons of standard coal could be saved annually and the energy consumption cost of fuel ethanol could be saved by about 8 million Yuan. At the same time, the product qualities of fuel ethanol and corn distiller's grains (DDGS) were in line with the national standards, some indicators were higher than the national standards, such as the purity of ethanol could reach 99.9%, methanol content was as low as 0.01%, crude protein content was 26.1%, crude fat content was 10.5% and the crude fiber content was 8.7%.

The catalytic characteristics of metal ions for glucose isomerization and dehydration were investigated with metal chloride as catalyst. The influences of metal ion category, content and temperature on reaction process were studied. The reaction kinetic model was applied to correlate experimental data to analyze catalytic characteristics quantitatively. The process of glucose to HMF was a tandem reaction, and the kinetic model based on this mechanism could simulate the reaction accurately. Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Sn⁴⁺ possessed good catalytic activity for glucose conversion, among which the catalyst activity of Sn⁴⁺ was the highest, and that of Ni²⁺ was the lowest. The kinetic constant of side reaction of Sn⁴⁺ was about 20 times of that of Ni²⁺. For Ni²⁺, reaction rate of glucose isomerization and side reaction increased, yet the catalytic activity for fructose dehydration to HMF was negligible with the increasing of Ni²⁺ content. Increasing of Cr³⁺ could enhance reaction rate of glucose isomerization significantly, and almost had no effect on other reactions. With the increasing of Sn⁴⁺ content, reaction rate of all steps increased, yet the intensity of side reaction would decrease. The influence of temperature on reaction constants followed the Arrhenius model. Higher temperature was beneficial to the side reaction, fructose dehydration and glucose isomerization respectively, when Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺ and Sn⁴⁺ were used, respectively.

As a "green technology", the light curing technology which is not only energy-saving, environmental protection but also economical and efficient, has been applied in many fields. The use of natural renewable resources to produce photocurable resins is of great significance to the sustainable development of photocurable technology. As a kind of natural renewable resource, itaconic acid with unsaturated double bond and two carboxyl groups could replace acrylic acid, hexanedioic acid and other petrochemical resources to synthesize various UV light curable unsaturated resins. The synthetic properties of the resin were excellent. The progress of preparation of itaconic acid UV light curable resins was reviewed, including epoxy itaconic acid resin, itaconic acid polyester, itaconic acid polyester acrylate, itaconic acid polyurethane acrylate, etc. The UV light curable resins from itaconic acid would have important application value in the fields of coatings, biomedicine and 3D printing, which could provide a new approach for the high value utilization of biomass products.