Total supernatants were obtained from various alkali or acid pretreatments of Miscanthus biomass in order to detect the released byproducts and the ethanol production by yeast fermentation.And the correlations of byproducts and ethanol fermentation were analyzed.The results showed that concentrations of byproducts in supernatant obtained by different pretreatments were different.The contents of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural of acid pretreatment were higher than those of alkali pretreatment.And the contents of vanillin,p-coumaric acid,ferulic acid of alkali preteratment were higher.In the feeding glucose fermentaion of supernatant,the sugar-alcohol conversion efficiency of 1% H ₂SO ₄ pretreatment was higher than that of 10 g/L NaOH.The hemicelluloses and lignin contents in raw Miscanthus biomass materials respectively exhibited positive and negative effects on sugar-ethanol conversion rate.Correlative analysis indicated that vanillin and syringic acid exhibited negative effects on ethanol production,while 5-HMF was a positive factor.

As a renewable nanomaterial, nanocellulose displays excellent performances and exhibits wide application potentials. However, nanocellulose has extremely strong hydrophilicity due to its abundant hydroxyl groups. Thus, the above characteristics not only seriously affect the performance of nanocellulose in terms of hydrophobicity, but also limit its applications in the field of composite materials to a certain extent. This article summarized the research advances of hydrophobic modification of nanocellulose in three aspects:physical adsorption, surface chemical modification(silylation, alkanoylation, esterification, etc.), and polymer graft copolymerization. Current wide applications of hydrophobic nanocellulose were also summarized in fields of packaging materials, papermaking, and water purification. At the end of this paper, the future development of hydrophobically modified nanocellulose was prospected, aiming to provide reference for the research and wide application of hydrophobic nanocellulose.

Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable biomass resource on the earth and cellulose is one of the three components of lignocellulose and is important raw material for the production of bio-based materials, fuels and chemicals. However, the complex chemical structure of lignin limits the application of lignocellulose. Conventional physical, chemical and physical-chemical lignin degradation methods often require high temperature and high pressure conditions, resulting in high energy consumption, inhibitors and environmental pollution. The biocatalysis process mediated by microorganisms is usually carried out under mild conditions, which can reduce energy input and provide a more specific and effective choice for the utilization of lignin. The degradation of lignin by fungi, represented by white-rot fungi, presents the problems of long pretreatment cycle and poor adaptability to the environment. Bacterium becomes the future potential of lignin degradation, owing to its rapid proliferation, profound environmental adaptability and easy genetic manipulation. This review introduced the progress of microbial degradation of lignin on the base of chemical structure, and mainly analyzed the microorganisms (fungi and bacteria), degrading enzymes (peroxidase and laccase) as well as the degradation mechanism. Besides, the applications of microbial degraded lignin in lipids, bioplastics, vanillin and wastewater treatment were summarized and the future development was suggested.

In ordor to use the peel of orange fully for maximum economic profits,the alkali-extraction and acid-precipitation method for extraction and the D-101 macroporous resin for purification of hesperidin from orange peels were used and the stability of hesperidin was investigated under conditions such as different temperature,time,oxygen, light,pH,metal ion,et al. The results showed that the content of hesperidin extracted by this method was 96.7%(HPLC), the extraction rate was 1.92%.Its solution was stable in the conditions as following: below 75℃, within 30 min,oxygenless, lightproof and acidic or neutral environment, whereas hesperidin would be oxidated to result in the molecular structure change if Fe ³⁺,Cu ²⁺ exisied,and in the condition with rich oxygen and light,especially strong light.

This work focused with the assistance of the mechanism of pyrolysis carbonization of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose were analysed by TG, TEM, Raman, XRD, and FT-IR based on the molecular restructuring behavior of three major components of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose during pyrolysis. The results showed that hemicellulose was completely decomposed during pyrolysis; molecular rearrangement occurred during the pyrolysis of cellulose, forming crystallized areas in biomass char; lignin had a very complex cross-linked structure, melted during pyrolysis, forming amorphous carbon areas in biomass char. During the charring process, cellulose undergone mainly dehydration reactions when the temperature was lower than 200 ℃, and the temperature range of 200 to 400 ℃ was the main stage of pyrolysis; lignin was relatively structurally stable in the studied temperature range(200-500 ℃), with only partial structural transformation occurring while softening and melting.

The natural benzaldehyde could be prepared by hydrolysis of Chinese cinnamon oil, but a small amount of impurity in prepared nutural benzaldehyde was difficult to be removed by rectification process. The purification of benzaldehyde was studied by addition of benzaldhyde with sodium bisulfite. The effects of acid or alkali, reaction temperature, water amount and different operation conditions on the reaction were also discussed. The results showed that the purity of benzaldehyde was over 99.0% after hydrolysis of adduct by acidification or basification to remover the impurity and acidification for purification was slightly better than basification.

The conventional natural encapsulating materials and preparation methods for microcapsules were introduced. The natural shell materials include three typical series, i.e., carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. The traditional natural shell materials include sodium alginate, chitosan, glutin, etc., but the noval materials consist of liposome, microbial cell wall (yeast cell wall), porous starch, etc.. The common preparation methods for microcapsules include complex coacervation, simple coacervation, interfacial polymerization, in-situ polymerization, piercing-solidifying, spray drying, etc.. The advanced preparation methods for microcapsules include molecular inclusion, microchannel emulsification, rapid expansion of supercritical solution, yeast microencapsulation, layer-by-layer self-assembly, vesicle templating, etc..

Lignin is a kind of abundant, cheap and sustainable natural biomass resource. Recently, converting lignin to functional nanomaterials has greatly broadened its application. Meanwhile, this conversion greatly solved the typical problems for traditional materials. Here, in this paper, several preparation methods including preparation of lignin functional nanoparticles such as self-assembly, mechanical method, polymerization assembly, freeze-drying carbonization, etc were introduced. And then their different applications in catalysts, additives, adsorbents, UV protection and anti-oxidation, sterilization, carrier materials, aggregation-inducing emmision materials, etc were described. Also, an outlook about the prospect of its application was presented. Developing controllable preparation and functional modification will facilitate the further application of lignin-based nanoparticles in the fields of environmental protection, energy, catalysis and biomedicine.

Rosemary( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) was a widely consumed plant which belongs to the Lamiaceae family.The chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of rosemary reported in 2011-2015 were reviewed.And the characters and processing methods of rosemary were briefly recommended.The major compositions of rosemary were carnosic acid,carnosol,rosmarinic acid and essential oil.Multitude pharmacological effects of rosemary were recognized,including antibacterial,antioxidant,anxi-depression,metabolic regulation,anti-nerve damage,anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor,and so on.

Two kinds of activated carbons(wooden activated carbon and coaly activated carbon) were used to study the butanone adsorption. The effects of adsorption time, adsorption temperature and the carrier gas flow of butanone on the adsorption performance were discussed. The adsorption kinetics at different temperatures were studied. Equilibrium data were analyzed by four kinetic models which were pseudo-first-order kinetic model, pseudo-second-order kinetic model, Elovich kinetic model and Bangham kinetic model, thus the kinetic model on the butanone adsorption was established. The results showed that the different kinds of activated carbons showed different adsorption performance. Meanwhile, the adsorption and desorption happened at the same time during the process of butanone adsorption on activated carbon. When the adsorption rate equaled the desorption rate, the equilibrium was established. The equilibrium adsorption amount of butanone decreased with the increase of temperature, which also indicated that the butanone adsorption on activated carbon was an exothermic reaction. The carrier gas flow influenced the adsorption time and rate, and the saturated adsorption amount of butanone of AC-1 was influenced and that of AC-2 was not. The optimal adsorption temperature was 303 K and the ideal carrier gas flow was 400 mL/min. It was also found that the R ² of Bangham model was more than 0.99, therefore it could be concluded that the adsorption of butanone on activated carbon followed Bangham kinetic model.

Major production processes of pyrogallol were introduced. Pyrogallol products can be produced from processing of forestry resource, and chemical synthesis. Technologies of various preparing processes as well as comparison of these processes are described. In addition, the applications of pyrogallol in the fields of analysis, synthesis, medicine, feed and pesticides, etc., are introduced, respectively.

A new method for determination of ellagic acid content by UV spectrophotometry was studied. The technical key was that test solution of ellagic acid was prepared with diluent NaOH solution to resolve the insolubility of ellagic acid in water and many organic solvents. UV absorption peak of the test solution was determined at 357 nm. The linear relationship between concentration and UV absorbance under test conditions was proved. The measuring error was estimated.Stability test of determined value was also studied. The results indicated that this method could be used for quantitative determination of ellagic acid in industrial production for its simplicity, low consumption of solvents, cheapness, veracity and stability.

With alkali lignin(L) and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) as primary material, glutaraldehyde as crosslinker, alkali lignin/PVA cross-linked reaction film was prepared by casting. The process conditions were determined by single-factor test. The reaction film was characterized by FT-IR and SEM. The optical performance of reaction films was investigated by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that when mass ration of alkali ligini/PVA was 1/10, glutaraldehyde content was 1.67 % (w/w) of the dry matter. The reaction film had good optical performance. Crosslinking reaction took place and the structure of ether bond was formed between alkali lignin and PVA. The surface of reaction films was smooth. After adding alkali lignin, UV absorbance of the reaction films was increased nearly 90% and in the visible area transmissivity was decreased about 40%. Alkali lignin had a great influence on films of absorbance and transmissivity. The more glutaraldehyde, the higher transmissivity of the reaction films in the visible area. The influence of glutaraldehyde on UV absorbance of the reaction films was not obvious. The UV absorbance is influenced mainly by alkali lignin. Alkali lignin/PVA can be used as a good ultraviolet absorption material.

Activated carbons were prepared from rice straw by chemical activation with phosphoric acid. The impact of immersion rate and temperature on activated carbon capability were studied by N ₂ adsorption, thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry (TG-DTG) analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that activated carbon can be prepared at the impregnated ratio 3∶1, activation temperature 450 ℃, activation time 60 min. Under this condition, activated carbon has the characters of methylene blue value 215 mg/g,iodine value 855 mg/g,caramel A decolo-rization capacity 110 %,specific surface area 967.72 m ²/g, total volume 1.23 cm ³/g, mesopores 84.6 %, average pore diameter 4.6 nm.

Lignin is a promising substitute for phenol in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin formulation. It is readily available and low toxic as a by-product from the pulp and paper industry. However, lignin is a three-dimensional amorphous biopolymer with high molecular weight and low reactivity. To date, many methods such as thermochemical conversion, pyrolysis, liquefaction, supercritical water treatment, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, etc. have been made to degrade macromolecular lignin into lower molecular weight fractions containing useful chemicals, which are important intermediates in the chemical industry for a diversity of products. The present work discusses the potential for an increased use of lignin as a renewable raw material. A brief overview about present state of lignin oxidative degradation is given and phenolic compounds from lignin are presented, and its large-scale production is prospected.

The research progress on biochars derived from wood residue, food wastes and animal wastes via pyrolysis, microwave carbonization, hydrothermal carbonization and existing problems were reviewed. The literatures about biochars application in electrode of solid carbon fuel cell, carbon fuel derived from biomass and absorption agent for wastewater treatment and soil management were summarized. The future development of biochars was prospected.

Based on the cryogenic nitrogen gas adsorption method, the pore characteristics of biochars made from farmland waste including rice straw, corn stalk and wheat straw were studied. The BET equation, BJH equation and t-plot method were used to caculate the specific surface area, pore size distribution and microporous parameters, and FHH model was used to obtain the fractal dimension(D) of pore. Results showed that different temperature and different materials all had larger effects on the pore characteristics of biochar. With the increase of pyrolysis temperature, the BET specific surface area and pore volume of rice-straw-biochar and wheat-straw-biochar increased firstly and then decreased, whereas, the porosity of corn-stalk-biochar always increased. It was concluded that the mesopores were the main type of pores in three kinds of biochars and the pores mainly consisted of the second pores. It was found that rice-straw-biochar, corn-stalk-biochar and wheat-straw-biochar all had good fractal characteristics, and the pore fractal dimensions were 2.545 4-2.669 3, 2.629 7-2.689 5 and 2.577 3-2.597 2, respectively, which reflected the complexity and heterogeneity of the biochar porosity. Both rice-straw-biochar and wheat-straw-biochar had higher fractal dimension at 500 ℃(2.669 3 and 2.597 2), but corn-stalk-biochar had higher fractal dimension at 700 ℃(2.689 5).

This paper introduces cultural origin, trophic function and clinical application of olive. We focus on development of Gansu Longnan olive by analyzing its three development stages, i.e., introduction test, demonstration and popularization and industry development of China olive. The chemical components of olive oil, olive pomace and olive leaf and its processing and utilization situation were introduced. Based on the current situation and demand of olive, we put forward the development thought of its comprehensive utilization, e.g. the development of high-quality olive oil, series of cosmetics, cleaning of olive, olive tea, antioxidant of olive leaves and pomace water regulator. It is important to make a full utilization, increase operation rate and promote industry development of olive.

After the furfural their residues were pretreated with sodium hydroxide, its composition, crystallinity, surface properties, infrared spectrum and their effects on enzymatic hydrolysis were compared with those without pretreatment. The results showed that the lignin removal proportion increased with the increase of temperature by NaOH pretreated. At 120 ℃, the lignin removal rate was 10.22 %, but it reached 12.6 % for alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreated sample. The enzymatic hydrolysis rate of samples decreased when the pretreated temperature increased. After enzymolysis for 72 h by loading 12 FPU cellulase and 15 IU cellobiase per gram cellulose, the yield of saccharification was 38.6% by pretreatment of NaOH at 120 ℃, which is 21.0 percent point lower than that of raw material. However, by using alkaline hydrogen peroxide as pretreat agent under the conditions of 60 ℃, 6 h, the yield of saccharification was up to 86.6 % after enzymolysis for 72 h, which was 27.0 percent point higher than that of raw material. The FT-IR spectrum of the sample pretreated by NaOH suggested that new ether boned was generated. The crystallinity of pretreated sample was slightly higher and its surface was smoother than that of untreated sample.

The research status of lignin model compounds synthesis was comprehensively summarized. Three main pathways of lignin monomer synthesis were introduced, including shikimic acid pathway, phenylpropane metabolizing pathway, and ester reduction pathway. The two theories of lignin monomer polymerization were sketched, i.e., the random polymerization theory(or free radical combinatorial coupling theory) which was widely accepted by academia and the controversial strict regulation polymerization theory. The research development of the chemical synthesis methods and mechanism of dimer, trimer and polymer from lignin model compounds bounded by β-O-4, α-O-4, 5-5', and β-5' bonds was illustrated. Meanwhile, some problems and countermeasures during the lignin chemical synthesis process were pointed out and the development direction of lignin model compounds synthesis research was confirmed.