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Research Advance in Biomass Steam Catalytic Reforming for Hydrogen Production
Hengtao GUO, Xuetao WANG, Lili XING, Haojie LI, Haoshan ZHAI
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (4): 60-70.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.04.008
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Biomass energy was an ideal clean energy, with the advantages of renewable, diversity and could achieve zero carbon dioxide emissions. Biomass catalytic reforming to produce hydrogen was an effective, environmentally friendly and economical way of biomass thermochemical conversion and utilization. In this paper, the research progress of biomass catalytic reforming for hydrogen production was reviewed from the aspects of key reaction parameters in the process of biomass catalytic reforming: reaction temperature, ratio of water to carbon, reaction space velocity and catalyst. The effects of reaction parameters, catalyst selection and application on pyrolysis products were reviewed. The influence mechanism of natural ore catalyst, alkali metal catalyst, transition metal catalyst and spinel catalyst on the water vapor conversion characteristics of biomass was combed. The effective utilization way of improving the efficiency and stability of reforming reaction by developing stable catalyst with high activity through directional control was summarized. It was pointed out that the clear catalytic mechanism should be further explored from the perspective of the interaction mechanism between biomass and catalyst and the reaction mechanism of pyrolysis and gasification.

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Preparation and Performance of Regenerated Cellulose/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Chitosan/TiO 2 Antibacterial Composite Film
Qunli ZHANG, Ge XIAN, Linlin CUI
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (3): 8-14.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.03.002
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Using microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) and polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) as raw materials, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole chloride as solvent system, the regenerated cellulose(RGC)/PVA base film was prepared by dissolving and regenerating MCC and blending with PVA. The antibacterial composite film of RGC/PVA/CS/TiO2 was prepared by coating chitosan(CS) and titanium dioxide(TiO2) blend solution. The morphology and structure of the composite film were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, and the thermology, mechanical, optical, barrier and antibacterial properties were tested and analyzed. The results showed that CS and TiO2 were successfully compounded on the cellulose based film. The thermal decomposition of RGC/PVA/CS/TiO2 composite film was mainly composed of the decomposition of CS-TiO2 coating layer and RGC/PVA base film. Compared with the regenerated cellulose film, when the mass fraction of TiO2 was 0.2%, the tensile strength of the RGC/PVA/CS/TiO2 composite film increased by 39.28%, the elongation at break increased by 51.66%, light transmittance remained at 88.72%, oxygen transmittance decreased by 47.77% and had a good inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.

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Preparation and Adsorptive Ability of Biochar Carbon from Agricultural and Forestry Wastes
Xiaomei WU, Meifeng YE, Feilong WU, Qingxian XU, Zhangting LI, Daiyan LIN
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (4): 27-33.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.04.003
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In order to explore the high-value utilization of agricultural and forestry waste, six common types of agricultural and forestry waste, including corn stalks, rice straw, soybean stalks, pine branches, bamboo branches, and biogas residue, were used as raw materials to prepare biochar by limiting oxygen and temperature controlling carbonization in vacuum tube furnace. The physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of biochar were analyzed by surface area analyzer, scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the adsorption capacity of biomass carbon on ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in swine wastewater was investigated. The results showed that six kinds of biomass carbons were alkaline, and the alkalinity of biogas residue biochar was stronger than that of plant biochar. The yield order of six kinds of biochar was as following: biogas residue biochar(64.83%) > soybean stalk biochar(57.22%) > rice straw biochar(48.80%) > corn stalk biochar(46.87%) > bamboo biochar(41.42%) > pine branch biochar(40.01%). Among them, the soybean stalk biochar had a larger specific surface area(5.84 m2/g) and developed pores. All six kinds of biochar contained abundant oxygen-containing functional groups on their surfaces, and both chemically stable C—H and benzene rings had strong stability. The six kinds of biochar had certain adsorption effects on ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in aquaculture wastewater, with corresponding adsorption capacities ranging from 20.00 to 31.00 mg/g and 4.00 to 6.69 mg/g, respectively. Soybean stalk biochar had the best adsorption effect on ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus, with a saturated adsorption capacity of 31.00 mg/g and 6.69 mg/g, respectively.

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Plant Tannin-based Hydrogel Materials and Their Biomedical Applications
Xinyu HU
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (4): 1-16.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.04.001
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Plant tannins were very rich in nature, and a large number of phenolic hydroxyl groups contained in their molecular structure were easy to be chemically modified. At the same time, tannins had strong antioxidant, antiviral, antitumor and other biological activities, and had a significant inhibitory effect on bacteria and enzymes. In order to study the application of plant tannins in the field of biomedical materials, this article reviewed the research progress of tannin-based hydrogels and their potential applications in the fields of tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound dressing, and the industrial preparation methods of materials were also summarized. Firstly, the design strategies and formation mechanisms of different types of tannin-based hydrogels were introduced in detail. In particular, the role of molecular structure and biochemical properties of tannins in the construction process of hydrogels were analyzed deeply. The specific application of hydrogels and the latest research hotspots were then elaborated. Finally, the current limitations of these materials were discussed, and the prospects of large-scale industrial production in the future were highlighted.

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Research Progress on Manufacturing Technology of New Fibrous Veneer High Performance Wood Scrimber
Minghui GUO, Hao ZHONG, Hao ZHANG
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (3): 1-7.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.03.001
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This paper expounded the origin and development of wood scrimber, and our country proposed new type of fibrous veneer high-performance wood scrimber manufacturing technology specific links research progress was summarized. In the rolling and loosening stage of the raw wood, the physical and mechanical properties of the wood scrimber were enhanced with the increase of dispersion degree. In the fibrous veneer modification stage, the modified treatment improved the fire prevention and mildew resistance of the wood scrimber, giving the wood scrimber versatility. In the gumming stage, the differences in mechanical strength and function of wood scrimber of different tree species under different soaking method and impregnation amount were summarized. The influence of the paving method and equipment on the strength and dimensional stability of wood scrimber was analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of hot pressing method and cold pressing as well as hot curing in the pressing stage are summarized. Finally, based on the defects of wood scrimber and the high value-added utilization cases of existing wood materials, some new ideas were raised improving the strength of wood scrimber and expanding their application.

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Optimization of Preparation Process of Locust Carbon as Electrical Double-layer Electrode Using Response Surface Methodology
Fanzhu KONG, Lijuan GAO, Yingjie SU, Kaichuang ZHAO, Cheng QIAN
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (3): 61-65.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.03.009
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Using Robinia pseudoacacia branches as raw materials, the activation process of activated carbon with double-layer electrode was optimized by response surface method using water vapor activation method and the mass specific capacitance at current density of 1A/g as the index. The electrochemical properties of the prepared double-layer electrode Robinia pseudoacacia carbon were studied by constant current charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry curve and AC impedance methods. The experimental results showed that the best process for preparing the double-layer electrode Robinia pseudoacacia charcoal was that the activation temperature of 1 g charcoal was 674.85 ℃, the activation time was 82.42 min, the water vapor flow rate was 0.92 g/min, and the specific capacitance predicted by the model was 133.2 F/g. The significance of the activation conditions on the specific capacitance of activated carbon was: activation temperature>water vapor flow rate>activation time. The double-layer electrode prepared under the optimized conditions had low resistance and strong conductivity. Its pore structure was conducive to the migration of ions on the electrode surface, and maintains good double-layer characteristics and magnification performance in the range of 10-50 mV/s.

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Research Progress on Bio-based Vitrimer Materials
Shanyuan TONG, Yun HU, Jinni YU, Puyou JIA, Qin HUANG, Yonghong ZHOU
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (6): 37-46.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.06.006
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Traditional polymer materials were divided into thermoplastic materials and thermoset materials. Thermoplastic materials could be processed twice but not rigid enough, and thermoset materials were rigid but difficult to recycle. The glass-like polymer material was between thermoplastic material and thermosetting material, which was a kind of material with high crosslinking density network and could be processed twice. Based on the network exchange mechanism of Vitrimer, this paper focused on the development history and research progress of bio-based glass polymers. Bio-vitrimers based on different covalent bonds were introduced in detail. Generally, the conditions of dynamic transesterification reaction were relatively mild, the reaction speed was fast, and the reaction materials were extensive, while the mechanical properties and reversibility of materials were poor. The reversibility and controllability of dynamic disulfide bond exchange were better, and the reaction was not harsh to the external acid-base environment, while the reaction substrate generally had toxic behavior and pungent odor. Dynamic imine bond exchange could make the material had good mechanical properties and durability, and good biocompatibility, while the reaction conditions and raw material selection were relatively simple. The application and advantages of bio-based Vitrimer materials were reviewed. The introduction of dynamic covalent bonds made up for the shortcomings of traditional 3D printing materials, such as insufficient rigidity and single function, enhanced the comprehensive performance of carbon fiber composites, and improved the service life and self-healing efficiency of elastomer materials. Finally, the paper gived a prospect of the future development.

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Research Progress on the Application of Molecular Imprinting Technology in the Separation of Natural Active Ingredients
Qinhao GUAN, Linlin YAN, Lihua TANG, Man XU, Liangliang ZHANG, Lixin HUANG
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (5): 51-60.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.05.007
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Molecular imprinting technology was the process of designing molecularly imprinted polymers against a target molecule as a template, and it had received a lot of attention in the direction of natural product chemistry, especially in the isolation of natural active substances, because of its advantages of specific recognition, high preselection and high stability. In this paper, we introduced the basic principles, binding modes, common raw materials and polymerization methods of molecular imprinting technology, focusing on the different connections of binding modes such as covalent interaction, non-covalent interaction and metal ligand interaction. At the same time, the applications of molecular imprinting technology in the separation of flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, organic acids, steroids and other natural active ingredients in 2017-2022 were also discussed, and the current problems and future research directions of molecular blotting technology were proposed.

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Research Progress on Determination Methods of Plant Indigo Extract
Danyang LIU, Chengzhang WANG
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (3): 66-72.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.03.010
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Taking plant indigo extract as the research object, the research progress and trend of the detection methods for the main effective components at home and abroad were reviewed. The main components and their functions of plant indigo extract such as indigo and indirubin were summarized. The analytical examination methods of indigo extract were reviewed, mainly including high performance liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, thin layer scanning, dual wavelength spectrophotometry, titration analysis, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the combination of multiple detection methods. The application of high performance liquid chromatography(selection of chromatographic column, mobile phase, detection wavelength and evaluation parameters) was emphatically analyzed. At the same time, the problems existed in the present analysis methods were analyzed, and the future development trends of the indigo extract analysis and detection were predicted.

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Prediction Hybrid Model for Biogas Production in Cattle Manure Anaerobic Fermentation Established by Mechanism and Data-driven
Tingting ZHAO, Shipin YANG, Lijuan LI, Xingyu PAN, Yu CHEN
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (3): 39-48.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.03.006
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As a mass and energy transfer process involving microorganisms, the complexity, time variability and severe nonlinearity of anaerobic fermentation process greatly reduced the accuracy and practicability of the prediction models established on pure mechanism or pure data. In order to solve this problem, taking the methane production process of cow dung fermentation as the research object, a hybrid model for predicting gas production by anaerobic fermentation was proposed. Firstly, the clear kinetic equations of hydrolysis, acidification hydrogen production and acetic acid production were established, and then the data-driven model of methane production and liquid-gas mass transfer process was constructed combined with Random Forest Regression(RFR). And the Sparrow Search Algorithm(SSA) was used to optimally estimate the super parameters of RFR algorithm. Finally, two sub-models, the kinetic model of the fermentation mechanism and the random forest regression model, were cascaded to form a hybrid model for the whole process of anaerobic fermentation biogas production prediction.The hybrid model was used to simulate the anaerobic digestion experiment of cow manure. The results showed that the methane production rate using the hybrid model simulation was in good agreement with the experimental data, and the prediction accuracy of the mechanism and data-driven mixed model(SSA-RFR-ADM) was close to the prediction accuracy of the complex pure mechanism model. The mean squared error of the model prediction was 0.003 035. The proposed hybrid model effectively overcame the limitation of single model, and could be used as a proxy model of complex pure mechanism model, providing correct theoretical guidance for practical anaerobic fermentation methane production process.

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Preparation and Application of Nanocellulose Carbon Nitride Composite Aerogel
Jinsong ZENG, Zexin ZHANG, Bingyang LIU, Pengfei LI
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (4): 17-26.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.04.002
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The hydrogen bond-riched precursors were prepared by mixing melamine and cyanuric acid in aqueous phase. Subsequently, the porous carbon nitride(g-C3N4) materials(MC-s-CN) with three-dimensional lamellar curl stacks were prepared by high temperature polymerization. The effect of hydrogen bonds within the precursor on the catalytic performance during the polymerization process was investigated. The results showed that the introduction of hydrogen bonding greatly reduced the blocky stacking of g-C3N4 material and increased its specific surface area to 74.111 9 m2/g, which was 8.7 times that of traditional carbon nitride M-CN. The better photogenerated carrier transport rate and lower complexation rate of MC-s-CN were further proved by fluorescence spectroscopy, photocurrent and electrochemical impedance tests. Finally, the degradation effect of simulated rhodamine dye wastewater was 12.52 times higher than that of traditional method. Then, the nanocelluloses oxidized by 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine oxide were used as the skeleton materials, and the composite aerogel materials(CN-TCA) with large specific surface area and excellent adsorption performance were successfully prepared by directional freezing relying on the cross-linking of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The CN-TCA was tested to has good photocatalytic degradation performance, and the degradation rate of rhodamine solution reached 91% under 120 min visible light irradiation. Additionally, the CN-TCA had great recycling performance, and the degradation effect was still 94.08% in the original state after five cycles.

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Storage Stability of Olive Oil Microencapsulated by Ultrasonic-spray Drying
Caihong ZHANG, Lixin HUANG, Pujun XIE, Yejun DENG
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (3): 15-22.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.03.003
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Olive oil was microencapsulated by ultrasonic spray drying method to investigate the influence of inlet air temperature on water and encapsulation efficiency of olive oil microcapsules. And then the storage stability of microencapsulated olive oil microencapsulation was also evaluated. The results of the ultrasonic-spray microencapsulation of olive oil showed that the surface color of the olive oil microencapsulation was deepened, some olive oil was dissolved out and the encapsulation efficiency of olive oil was reduced owing to the higher inlet temperature. However, the too low inlet temperature leaded to the higher moisture content of the olive oil microencapsulation. The optimization of olive oil microencapsulation by ultrasonic spray drying conditions was obtained, which was the inlet temperature of 180 ℃ and feed rate of 6 r/min. The encapsulation efficiency of olive oil microcapsules prepared under this conditions reached 98.2%. The stability was studied after olive oil microencapsulation stored under the different conditions of illumination, temperature and humidity for 30 days. The results shown that the peroxide value and acid value of microencapsulated olive oil under light were 1/5 and 1/3 of that of unencapsulated olive oil, respectively. Under dark condition, the peroxide value and acid value of microencapsulated olive oil were about 2/3 of that of unencapsulated olive oil. Owing to the increase of temperature, the peroxide value of unencapsulated olive oil was doubled, and the maximum acid value increased by 77.8%, while the peroxide value of microencapsulated olive oil increased by only 15%, and the maximum acid value increased by 40.5%. The peroxide value and acid value of encapsulated olive oil were lower than those of unpacked olive oil, indicating that the microencapsulation delayed oxidation of olive oil and improved the storage stability of olive oil.

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Preparation and Properties of Sunflower Stalk-based Phosphorus Doped Porous Carbon by One-step Pyrolysis Method
Yanyan LIU, Yuhan ZHANG, Guilong WANG, Qihua XIA, Kang SUN, Guanfeng LIN
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (3): 56-60.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.03.008
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Phosphorus doped porous carbon was prepared by one-step pyrolysis using sunflower straw as carbon source and phytic acid as phosphorus dopant and active agent. The effect of impregnation ratio, activation temperature and holding time on the yield and iodine adsorption value of phosphorus-doped porous carbon was discussed. The pore structure, surface chemical properties and binding state of doped porous carbon were analyzed by automatic specific surface area analyzer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed that with the increases of impregnation ratio, activation temperature and holding time, the iodine adsorption value of sunflower stalk-based phosphorus doped porous carbon increased first and then decreased. The activation of phytic acid was conducive to the increase of specific surface area and pore volume of porous carbon. Phytic acid was used as a phosphorus source to achieve phosphorus doping of porous carbon, and the binding types of phosphorus were C—PO3、C—P—O、C3—PO、C—P=O and C—P. Under the optimum conditions, when the impregnation ratio was 2, activation temperature was 900 ℃ and the holding time was 2 h, the specific surface area, total pore volume and iodine adsorption value of phosphorus-doped porous carbon were 992.7 m2/g, 1.33 cm3/g and 1 099.8 mg/g, respectively.

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Efficient Conversion and Application of Biomass in Lithium Salt System
Jian CHEN, Zhiqiang PANG, Xianqin LU, Hairui JI, Cuihua DONG
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (4): 71-78.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.04.009
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The traditional process showed low efficiency in the conversion and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass, which greatly limited the high-value utilization of bioresources. The lithium salts had exhibited great potential in efficient conversion and application of lignocellulose. In this paper, the system properties of lithium salt solvents were introduced. The research progress of lithium salt solvent systems in the conversion and utilization of lignocellulosic biomass was reviewed, and effects on the preparation of cellulose derivatives, high efficient conversion of glucose, preparation of platform compounds and biochar was emphatically analyzed. Meanwhile, the problems existing in the utilization of lignocellulose in lithium salt solvent system were summarized, and the future research direction was suggested.

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Effects of Drying Methods on Volatile Components of Rosemary Leaves Based on SPME-GC/MS Method
Pengfei GUO, Aihua ZHANG, Yinghui PENG, Hong WU, Desheng KANG, Zhihong XIAO
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (4): 47-52.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.04.006
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Headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze and identify the volatile components of rosemary leaves and fresh rosemary leaves with five different drying treatments: natural drying, freeze drying, drying at 40, 60 and 80 ℃. The results showed that the main volatile components of dried rosemary leaves included terpinone, 4,6,6-trimethyl-bis[3.1.1] hept-3-ene-2-one, cineole, camphor, linalool, α-pinene, α-terpinol, bornyl acetate, pinocarvone, camphene and caryophyllene. Among them, the GC content of 4,6,6-trimethyl-bis[3.1.1] hept-3-ene-2-one and cineole reached 54.94%-60.09%. The main volatile components of rosemary leaves were alcohols, terpenes, aldehydes, alkanes, benzenes and esters. Freeze drying rosemary leaves had the most volatile components, with 44 identified, accounting for 99.61% of the total volatile substances. By analyzing the differences in the composition and content of volatile substances in rosemary leaves with five different drying methods, it was found that freeze drying could retain volatile components to the greatest extent.

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Energy Saving Optimization of Total Comminution Fermentation Process of Aged Rice Based on Exergy Analysis
Mengting LIU, Yuanyuan CHEN, Hong LIU, Yixin LI, Qingrui ZHANG
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (3): 23-30.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.03.004
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Based on Aspen Plus, a total comminution fermentation process of aged rice with a capacity of 4 hundred thousand tons per year was designed and established. Exergy analysis method was used to study the thermodynamic properties of the process, and the source of exergy loss was clarified and optimized. The results showed that exergy loss was 106 477.62 kW before optimization, and the exergy loss was 79 108.84 kW after optimization. Meanwhile, the exergy loss was reduced by 27 368.78 kW and the exergy efficiency increased by 5.97% after optimization. The total energy consumption of 1 ton fuel ethanol production was 1 424.69 MJ, the raw material consumption was 4.25 ton, and the consumptions of water and wastewater were 2.9 and 0.37 ton, respectively. On the basis of meeting the demand of steam consumption in the production process, the power generation was 15.03 MW, and the system consumption was 12.9 MW. Through the economic analysis of the processes before and after optimization, the optimized process had better economy. The cost of public works decreased by 52.76%, the total cost decreased by 49.73 yuan per ton and the annual net profit increased by 2.85% after process optimization.

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Effects of Typical Pretreatments on Sugar Production by Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Structural Changes of Licorice Root Residue
Mengjia LIU, Gaojie WEI, Chenxi YU, Jianmin XING, Xinyu LIU, Maohua YANG
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (3): 31-38.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.03.005
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Four typical pretreatment methods of dilute acid, hydrothermal treatment, ionic liquid and steam blasting were used to treat licorice residue. The effects of different pretreatment methods on sugar production and structure of licorice residue were compared by high performance liquid chromatography, scanning electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectrometer and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that ionic liquid pretreatment had obvious effect on cellulose in licorice residue, and the contents of glucose, xylose and xylodisaccharide in the enzymatic hydrolysate were the highest, and the enzymolysis rate reached 77.08%±2.12%, which was 2.05 times than that of untreated enzymatic hydrolysis rate. Hydrothermal pretreatment had obvious effects on hemicellulose licorice residue, and the contents of xylose, arabinose and xylodisaccharide in the pretreatment solution were the highest. The enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of hemicellulum was the highest, reaching 82.37%±1.13%, which was 8.90 times than that of untreated enzymolysis. Steam blasting pretreatment had obvious effect on licorice residue lignin, and the glucose yield in the pretreatment solution was the highest. The structural analysis results were consistent with the component analysis results. Compared with other pretreatment, the lignocellulose structure of licorice residue was effectively broken in the ionic liquid pretreatment process, which was more conducive to the further high-value utilization of licorice residue.

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Kinetic Characteristics of Yak Dung Under Steam Atmosphere
Zi'ang NI, Zhufu FU, Yuan XUE
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (3): 49-55.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.03.007
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The thermal weight loss characteristics of yak dung under water vapor atmosphere was investigated via the thermogravimetric analysis. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, master plot method/Kissinger method and continuous coupling method of distributed activation energy model(DAEM) were used to analyze the reaction mechanism and calculate kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis process. The results showed that yak dung steam gasification process was mainly divided into two stages, namely the pyrolysis reaction stage and the gas-solid reaction stage. The steam could slightly inhibit the pyrolysis reaction and significantly promote the gas-solid reaction. The kinetic analysis demonstrated that the reaction order mechanism model(the reaction-orders of the pyrolysis stage and the gas-solid reaction stage were 2.40 and 1.17, respectively) had good adaptability to the kinetic process of yak dung steam gasification. The activation energies of the hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in pyrolysis stage were 169.32, 185.76 and 219.52 kJ/mol, respectively. The activation energies of the pyrolysis carbon condensation reaction and the steam gas-solid reaction in the gas-solid reaction stage were 275.59 and 312.44 kJ/mol, respectively.

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Preparation and Sodium Storage Properties of Bamboo Hard Carbon
Gaoyue ZHANG, Ao WANG, Hao YING, Wei XU, Hao SUN, Kang SUN, Jianchun JIANG
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (6): 1-7.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.06.001
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Bamboo-based hard carbon materials for sodium ion battery anodes were prepared by a two-step method of pre-carbonization combined with high-temperature reforming using bamboo as raw material. The influence of reforming temperature on the structure of hard carbon, and the structure-activity relationship between structure and sodium storage performance were explored. The research results showed that the high refining temperature could shrink the pores to form a closed pore structure and reduce the specific surface area, as well as led to a decrease in the layer spacing. When the refining temperature was 1 400 ℃, the specific surface area of the sample BHC-1400 was 9.2 m2/g, and the layer spacing was 0.375 nm. Its rich closed-pore structure and reasonable interlayer spacing were beneficial to the improvement of sodium storage capacity. BHC-1400 exhibited a reversible sodium storage capacity up to 364.3 mAh/g at a current density of 50 mA/g and an initial Coulomb efficiency of 81.2% as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Capacity retention rate keeps at 85% after 5 000 cycles of charging and discharging.

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Constituent Analysis of Hydrothermally Liquefying Products of Yunnan Coffea arabica Linn. Shells
Guangrong LIU, Jing LI, Qiang HUANG
Biomass Chemical Engineering    2023, 57 (4): 53-59.   DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2023.04.007
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The coffee shell waste produced by the processing of Yunnan Arabica Coffee was used as raw material, and its hydrothermal liquefaction was catalyzed by iron and the liquefaction products were extracted by solvent to obtain the coffee shell bio-oils and the residual biochars. The light bio-oil extracted from the aqueous phase with ether and the heavy bio-oil extracted from the solid phase with ethanol were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was identified that the light oil yield was around 7%, mainly containing more than 50% furfural and its derivatives, more than 10% phenol and its derivatives, while heavy oil yield was around 14%, mainly containing 36.19% caffeine, 41.3% fatty acids and other substances. The solid residue was a biochar rich in oxygen-containing functional groups and uniformly embedded with nano-zero valent iron, which had the performance of catalyzing the oxidative degradation of tetracycline by persulfate, and the biochar could remove about 80% of tetracycline in water within 150 min.

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