植物基活性炭孔隙调控研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2022.01.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植物基活性炭具有原料来源广泛、价格低廉、制备时间短、工艺成熟、所得产品比表面积大、孔隙结构发达、杂元素含量低、热稳定性和化学稳定性优良等特点，在环保领域的使用量逐年上升。本文系统介绍了植物原料热解过程中三大组分(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)对所制得的炭化料及活化料孔隙结构的影响，对比总结了制备植物基活性炭常用的物理活化法、化学活化法(KOH活化法、H₃PO₄活化法和ZnCl₂活化法)、催化活化法和热解自活化过程中成孔反应机理以及形成的孔结构特点，指出研究工作中存在的问题，并提出了植物基活性炭孔隙调控未来的研究方向。

关键词: 植物基活性炭, 纤维素, 半纤维素, 木质素, 孔隙结构

Abstract:

The proportion of plant-based activated carbon used in the field of environmental protection is increasing year by year due to its characteristics such as wide sources, price moderate, short preparation cycle, mature process, large specific surface area, developed pore structure, low content of hybrid elements, and excellent thermal and chemical stability. The main components of plant are cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. In the present work, the effect of these three components on the pore formation of biochar and activated carbon was reviewed. In addition, the pore forming mechanism and characteristics of the formed pores of the physical activation, chemical activation (KOH activation, H₃PO₄ activation and ZnCl₂ activation), catalytic activation and self-activation process were contrasted and summarized. Finally, the future research direction of plant-based activated carbon pore regulation was proposed based on the problems in previous research work.

Key words: plant-based activated carbon, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, pore structure

中图分类号:

TQ35

仲美娟, 刘杏娥, 尚莉莉, 田根林, 杨淑敏, 马建锋. 植物基活性炭孔隙调控研究进展[J]. 生物质化学工程, 2022, 56(1): 57-66.

Meijuan ZHONG, Xing′e LIU, Lili SHANG, Genlin TIAN, Shumin YANG, Jianfeng MA. Research Advance on Adjustment of Pore Structure of Plant-based Activated Carbon[J]. Biomass Chemical Engineering, 2022, 56(1): 57-66.

图/表 2

表1

表2

不同活化方法制备的活性炭的孔隙特征"

活化方法 activation methods	原料 materials	总比表面积/(m²·g^-1) total specific surface area	微孔比表面积/(m²·g^-1) specific surface area of micropore	总孔容/(cm³·g^-1) total pore volume	微孔孔容/(cm³·g) micropore volume	平均孔径/nm mean diameter	参考文献 ref.
CO₂活化 CO₂ activation	可可豆荚壳 cocoa pod husk	351.8-1329.8	305-1073.5	0.187-0.707	0.156-0.551	2.09-2.17	[21]
	稻壳rice husk	175.2-215.8	—	0.1155-0.1296	0.0625-0.0698	2.402-2.6370	[64]
	蓝焦blue coke	75.5-636.91	48.22-457.4	0.059-0.363	0.029-0.201	1.89-3.1199	[65]
	橡胶木屑 rubber wood sawdust	302-465	—	0.154-0.239	0.135-0.186	—	[66]
H₂O活化 H₂O activation	茶叶渣waste tea	995.07	—	0.678	0.678	—	[67]
	油菜籽粕 canola meal	240-386	—	—	—	1.55-2.58	[68]
	大麦秆barley straw	530-552	500-540	0.2440-0.2994	0.2210-0.2304	1.843-2.235	[27]
KOH活化 KOH activation	橄榄核olive pits	1344-1815	—	—	—	0.7-1.38	[69]
	烟梗tobacco stems	609-1437	—	0.240-1.007	0.126-0.771	0.58-1.52	[60]
	稻壳rice husk	778.36-1818.45	—	0.39-0.90	0.28-0.84	1.2-1.85	[70]
H₃PO₄活化 H₃PO₄ ctivation	枣核date pits	1040	221	1.089	0.084	3.18	[71]
	柳枝稷 kanlow switchgrass	1372.93	137.05	1.45	0.1	3.42	[40]
	芒草 public miscanthus	999.06	284.51	1.04	0.12	4.15	[40]
	竹子bamboo	244.5-398.4	—	0.153-0.680	—	1.256-3.975	[72]
ZnCl₂活化 ZnCl₂ activation	卷心菜 sewage sludge	133.22	—	0.15	0.016	12.51	[73]
ZnCl₂活化 ZnCl₂ activation	纺织废黄麻 textile waste jute	1224	662	0.66	0.26	—	[52]
FeCl₃活化 FeCl₃ activation	编织废棉 waste cotton woven	748	642	0.606	0.253	—	[57]
	橙皮orange peel	1802.1	1680.2	0.8761	0.8681	—	[74]
	枣核date pits	780	—	0.573	0.468		[75]
热解自活化 self-activation	椰壳coconut shell	1194	—	0.528	0.446	—	[61]
热解自活化 self-activation	红麻芯纤维 kenaf core fibers	2296	—	1.876	0.513	—	[63]

表2

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组分 components	热解温度/℃ pyrolysis temperature	炭得率 char yield	炭化后孔隙特征 pore characteristics after carbonization	活化后孔隙特征 pore characteristics after activation
纤维素 cellulose	315-400	聚合度高于半纤维素，炭得率居于木质素和半纤维素之间 the degree of polymerization is higher than that of hemicellulose, and the carbon yield is between that of lignin and hemicellulose	微孔为主，比表面积最大 the pores are mainly micropores with the largest specific surface area	具有微介孔结构，比表面积最大 it has microporous and mesoporous structure with the largest specific surface area
半纤维素 hemicelluloses	220-315	含有大量的羟基且稳定性较差，炭得率最低 the carbon yield is the lowest because of lots of hydroxyl groups and poor stability	微孔为主，比表面积居于木质素和纤维素之间 the pores are mainly micropores, and the specific surface area is between that of lignin and cellulose	具有微介孔结构，比表面积最小 it has microporous and mesoporous structure with the smallest specific surface area
木质素 lignin	160-900	含有大量芳香结构，稳定性最高，炭得率最高 the char yield is the highest because of lots of aromatic structure	微孔为主，比表面积最小 the pores are mainly micropores, and the specific surface area is the smallest	具有微介孔结构，比表面积居于纤维素和半纤维素之间 it has microporous and mesoporous structure and the specific surface area is between that of cellulose and hemicellulose

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