生物质化学工程 ›› 2021, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (6): 26-38.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2021.06.004
夏美玲1,2, 王允圃1,2,*(), 张淑梅1,2, 曾媛1,2, 刘玉环1,2, RUANRoger3
收稿日期:
2020-08-14
出版日期:
2021-11-30
发布日期:
2021-10-29
通讯作者:
王允圃
E-mail:wangyunpu@ncu.edu.cn
作者简介:
王允圃, 高级实验师, 硕士生导师, 主要研究领域: 生物质资源开发与利用; E-mail: wangyunpu@ncu.edu.cn基金资助:
Meiling XIA1,2, Yunpu WANG1,2,*(), Shumei ZHANG1,2, Yuan ZENG1,2, Yuhuan LIU1,2, Roger RUAN3
Received:
2020-08-14
Online:
2021-11-30
Published:
2021-10-29
Contact:
Yunpu WANG
E-mail:wangyunpu@ncu.edu.cn
摘要:
油茶壳作为油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel)加工过程中产生的副产物,通常被直接丢弃或者焚烧处理。对油茶壳进行资源化利用不仅可以提高其自身附加值,还可以解决其带来的环境污染问题。基于现有研究,本文介绍了油茶壳中主要功能成分以及油茶壳在材料化、肥料化及能源化的利用情况。油茶壳中含有鞣质、茶皂素、黄酮和多糖等物质,使得油茶壳成为抑菌、抗氧化、抗病毒等应用的理想原料。在材料化方面,油茶壳活性炭吸附剂显示出良好的吸附效果,但以油茶壳为原料制备的电容材料电导率低,木质复合材料力学性能不佳。在肥料化方面,利用油茶壳制备的有机肥和培养基有明显改善土壤、提高肥料品质、促进种苗生长的效果。在能源化方面,较高的木质素、半纤维素和纤维素含量使油茶壳在直燃发电、厌氧发酵产沼气、制备生物乙醇和生物油等方面具有一定优势,但存在氯化物腐蚀锅炉、木质素难降解、生物乙醇产率低、生物油产量少等问题。对油茶壳未来利用方向提出展望,油茶壳在制备碳材料方面需针对性炭化以用作电容材料,木质复合材料方面需改善结构以提高材料力学性能,在功能成分利用方面需开发高附加值的深加工产品并扩大生产规模,在能源方面需解决生物质转化过程的集成问题。
中图分类号:
夏美玲, 王允圃, 张淑梅, 曾媛, 刘玉环, RUANRoger. 油茶壳综合利用研究进展[J]. 生物质化学工程, 2021, 55(6): 26-38.
Meiling XIA, Yunpu WANG, Shumei ZHANG, Yuan ZENG, Yuhuan LIU, Roger RUAN. Research Progress on Comprehensive Utilization of Camellia oleifera Abel Shell[J]. Biomass Chemical Engineering, 2021, 55(6): 26-38.
表1
茶皂素的各种提取方法总结"
提取方法 extraction method | 原料 material | 得率/% yield | 优点 advantages | 缺点 disadvantages | 参考文献 references |
水浸提法 water extraction | 脱脂油茶饼粕 skim oil-tea cake | 14.98 | 成本较低,对环境友好 low cost and environmentally friendly | 提取率与纯度不高 low extraction yield and purity | [ |
水提醇沉法 water solution and alcohol sedimentation | 脱脂油茶饼粕 skim oil-tea cake | 14.63 | 成本低,纯度高 low cost and high purity | 乙醇易挥发 ethanol is volatile | [ |
索氏提取法 soxhlet extraction | 茶籽饼 tea-seed cake | 18.77 | 工艺简单,提取率高 simple process, high extraction yield | 萃取剂具有一定的毒性,有机溶剂用量大 the extraction agent has certain toxicity, and the amount of organic solvent is large | [ |
超声波提取法 ultrasonic assisted extraction | 油茶枯 Camellia oleifera seed pomace | 10.57 | 有效缩短萃取时间,低成本,纯度高 effectively improve extraction time, low cost, high purity | 需与其它方法结合使用 need to be used in combination with other methods | [ |
微波辅助提取法 microwave-assisted extraction | 茶叶籽粕 tea seed meal | 21.64 | 物料受热均匀,高效、省时,污染少 uniform heating of materials, high efficiency, saving time, less pollution | 溶剂必须为极性溶剂 the solvent must be polar | [ |
AB-8大孔树脂 AB-8 microporous resin | 油茶壳 Camellia oleifera shell | 7.28 | 选择性好,且具有浓缩、分离作用 good selectivity, and has the function of concentration and separation | 受pH值影响较大 it is greatly affected by pH value | [ |
超临界CO2萃取 supercritical CO2 extraction | 油茶饼 tea-seed cake | 6.58 | 操作简便,且茶皂素的性能好 simple operation and good performance of tea saponin | 对设备要求较高,成本大 higher requirements for equipment, high cost | [ |
泡沫分离技术 foam separation technique | 茶饼 tea-seed cake | 31.64 | 设备简单,能耗低,提取率高 simple equipment, low energy consumption, high extraction yield | 温度、表面气流等对于泡沫分馏性能有重要影响 temperature superficial airflow rate had important influences on performances of foam fractionation | [ |
表2
各种活性炭制备方法及其孔隙率对比[58]"
生物质种类 biomass species | 活化剂种类 types of activators | 活化温度/℃ carbonization temperature | 比表面积/(m2·g-1) specific surface area | 总孔容积/(cm3·g-1) pore volume | 介孔容积/(cm3·g-1) mesoporous volume | 介孔率/% mesoporous rate |
马尾松masson pine | 水蒸气water vapor | 900 | 1647 | 1 | 0.36 | 36 |
红薯sweet potato | H2CO3 | 800 | 1054 | 62 | ||
红薯sweet potato | KOH | 800 | 1590 | 20.3 | ||
核桃壳walnut shell | 水热炭化hydrothermal carbonization/KOH | 800 | 1236 | 0.804 | 0.308 | 38.3 |
核桃壳walnut shell | KOH | 800 | 2404 | 1.344 | 0.385 | 28.6 |
椰壳coconut shell | KOH | 800 | 2891 | 1.488 | 1.095 | 73.6 |
油茶壳C. oleifera shell | 水蒸气water vapor/H3PO4 | 800 | 1608 | 1.17 | 0.71 | 61 |
油茶壳C. oleifera shell | ZnCl2 | 500 | 1530 | 0.7826 | 0.1837 | 23.47 |
油茶壳C. oleifera shell | ZnCl2 | 600 | 2080 | 1.18 | 1.06 | 89.83 |
油茶壳C. oleifera shell | ZnCl2 | 500 | 1890 | 2.42 | 2.01 | 83.06 |
杉木屑cedarwood chip | ZnCl2 | 550 | 1956 | 1.096 | 0.57 | 52 |
杉木屑cedarwood chip | H3PO4 | 475 | 2354 | 2.397 | 1.827 | 76.22 |
玉米芯corncob | H3PO4 | 475 | 2233 | 2.683 | 2.177 | 81.14 |
棉绒velveteen | H3PO4 | 475 | 1466 | 1.413 | 0.867 | 61.35 |
剑麻sisal hemp | H3PO4 | 400 | 1877 | 1.87 | 1.34 | 71.66 |
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