生物质基碳气凝胶的研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2021.01.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

碳气凝胶是一种新型的纳米多孔碳材料，具有孔隙率高、比表面积大、导电性能优良、耐高温等优点，在催化剂载体、电容器及吸附材料等领域具有广阔的应用前景。与传统的碳气凝胶相比，生物质基碳气凝胶具有前驱体环保可再生的优势，可为生物质高值化、功能化利用提供新思路。本文在简单介绍生物质基碳气凝胶制备过程（包括溶胶-凝胶化、干燥、炭化）的基础上，重点介绍了3类来自不同生物质前驱体（植物纤维素、细菌纤维素和具有三维多孔结构的植物本身）碳气凝胶的制备方法，并对碳气凝胶及其复合材料在催化剂载体、吸附材料、超级电容器、锂离子电池方面的应用进行了综述，最后对生物质基碳气凝胶的研究方向和发展前景进行总结和展望。

关键词: 生物质, 碳气凝胶, 催化剂载体, 超级电容器, 锂离子电池

Abstract:

As a new type of nano-porous carbon-based materials, carbon aerogel has many unique characteristics such as high porosity, large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, and high thermal stability, etc., which is widely used in the fields of catalyst, capacitors and adsorption materials.Compared with traditional carbon aerogels, biomass-based carbon aerogels have the advantage in abundant and renewable precursors, which opens an opportunity for the high-value and functionalized utilization of biomass. Based on a brief introduction of the preparation process of biomass-based carbon aerogels (including sol gelation, drying and carbonization), this review paper mainly introduced the preparation methods of three types of carbon aerogels from different biomass precursors (plant cellulose, bacterial cellulose and plants with three-dimensional porous structure), and the applications of carbon aerogels in catalyst, adsorption materials, ultracapacitors and lithium-ion batteries were elaborated as well. Finally, the research direction and development prospective of biomass derived carbon aerogels were discussed.

Key words: biomass, carbon aerogel, catalyst carrier, supercapacitor, lithium-ion battery

中图分类号:

TQ35

张洁, 段荣帅, 李子江, 王慧, 张宁, 张淑亚, 司传领. 生物质基碳气凝胶的研究进展[J]. 生物质化学工程, 2021, 55(1): 91-100.

Jie ZHANG, Rongshuai DUAN, Zijiang LI, Hui WANG, Ning ZHANG, Shuya ZHANG, Chuanling SI. Research Advances on Biomass Derived Carbon Aerogel[J]. Biomass Chemical Engineering, 2021, 55(1): 91-100.

图/表 7

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过程		机理
溶胶-凝胶化		不同的有机小分子通过缩聚反应生成聚合物或者离子簇, 随后互相交联形成三维网状结构
	超临界干燥	将干燥介质转变为超临界态, 将表面张力降低为零, 从而使气凝胶结构得以完整保存
干燥方法	冷冻干燥	将溶剂和凝胶先进行冷冻再进行升华处理, 避免气-液界面的产生
	常压干燥	将湿凝胶或前驱体溶液置于常压条件下, 使液态溶剂蒸干
炭化		将气凝胶在惰性气体中进行热裂解, 以除去其中的含氧、含氢官能团, 在完整保存气凝胶三维网状骨架结构的同时, 对气凝胶表面进行化学和结构改性, 使之转化成相对应的碳气凝胶

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